Cities typically draw water from diverse sources, such as rivers, lakes, or reservoirs. Each source presents unique challenges, ranging from pollution concerns to industrial runoff. Pollution, both ...

A sample series from the coagulation experiments show "flocs"—or particles—formed by adding a coagulant in the center, right-center, and rightmost container. PFAS are entrapped in flocs and are ...

Flocculation and polymer applications play a central role in modern water treatment, offering robust methods for the removal of both particulate and dissolved contaminants. By utilising chemical and ...

Industrialization, urbanization, and population growth have led to a decline in water quality, leaving 1.8 billion people without enough water and 4 billion facing water shortages for at least one ...