Physicist Helen Czerski explores the complex science behind familiar phenomena. Read more columns here. Summer has arrived, and lots of us are thinking about travel, even with current restrictions.

Look at the underside of a fern leaf. Those rows of orange clusters aren’t tiny insects; they’re spores waiting to be catapulted away. Once a spore lands, it grows into a tiny plant, from which fern ...

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Although rain is the most important agent in airborne biological particle deposition most of the current sampling traps retain palynomorphs (fern spore, fungal spore, pollen, among others) but are ...

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Summary Ferns and lycophytes produce spores to initiate the gametophyte stage for sexual reproduction. Approximately 10% of these seedless vascular plants are apomictic, and produce genomic unreduced ...

This colorscape of tubes and grooves is a cross section through the reproductive region of a fern. Ferns use spores to reproduce and spread, and here we can see these spores (blue/purple) encased in ...

This is the sporangium of Polypodium aureum during sporangium opening. This image relates to a paper that appeared in the March 16, 2012, issue of Science, published by AAAS. The paper, by X. Noblin ...

Those rows of orange cluster under a fern leaf are spores waiting to be catapulted away. Look at the underside of a fern leaf. Those rows of orange clusters aren’t tiny insects; they’re spores waiting ...