Conversion coatings are coating layers applied to the surface of a metal substrate to enhance its appearance and improve physical and chemical properties, such as corrosion resistance and paint ...

Many new materials have been developed, but steel remains the principal construction material for automobiles, appliances, and industrial machinery. Because of steel's vulnerability to attack by ...

Today, the global automotive market is strong. The demand is already high, and the market is expected to reach $27.69 billion by 2022. In developing countries, increased car sales (as well as new ...